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Toul |
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| Toul Cathedral | |
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Toul
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Location within Lorraine region
Toul
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| Administration | |
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| Country | France |
| Region | Lorraine |
| Department | Meurthe-et-Moselle |
| Arrondissement | Toul |
| Intercommunality | Toulois |
| Mayor | Nicole Feidt (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 200–400 m (660–1,300 ft) |
| Land area1 | 30.59 km2 (11.81 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 16,945 (1999) |
| - Density | 554 /km2 (1,430 /sq mi) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 54528/ 54200 |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
Toul (French pronunciation: [tul]) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France.
It is a sub-prefecture of the department.
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Toul is located between Commercy and Nancy, and situated between the Moselle River and the Canal de la Marne au Rhin.
Toul was known to the Romans as Tullum Leucorum, and was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of the Leuci.
In 612, King Theudebert II of Austrasia was defeated by King Theuderic II of Burgundy near Toul. By the Treaty of Meerssen of 870, Toul became part of East Francia, the later Holy Roman Empire. During the High Middle Ages, it became a Free Imperial City. Toul was annexed to France by King Henry II in 1552; this was recognized by the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. It then was a part of the French province of the Three Bishoprics.
During the siege of 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War, the last time that Toul's defenses were used as a classic fortress, 64 guns opened fire at 6am on 23 September, and the fortress surrendered at 3pm after 2,433 shells had been fired.
Toul was the seat of the bishops of Toul; the diocese was founded around 365 and existed until 1807.
The city was also the primary base of the United States Air Service - predecessor to the United States Air Force - during World War I. As such, it was a base for many of the 45 war time squadrons including the squadrons of the 1st Pursuit Group, 1st Observation Group and others. The Americans referred to the area around Toul as the Toul Sector. Two large operations were launched from this area: the St. Mihiel offensive and the Meuse-Argonne offensive, both in September.
| Imperial City of Toul | ||||
| Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire | ||||
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| Capital | Toul | |||
| Government | Republic | |||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | |||
| - Gained Reichsfreiheit | Uncertain Enter start year | |||
| - Three Bishoprics annexed by France |
1552 1552 |
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| - Treaty of Westphalia recognises annexation |
1648 |
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| Warning: Value not specified for "common_name" | ||||
The most striking features are the impressive stone ramparts. It is not known precisely when they were first built, but there appears to have been a fortified town at this location since the earliest recorded history. Today, the ramparts encircle and define the old town. They are built of dressed white stone, and topped with grass, and in places are over five metres high.
There is a great deal of Roman archæology in the area and allegedly some in the town. The Roman fortified town of Grand is some 30 km away, with its great amphitheatre and temple to the Cult of Apollo.
The old town's architecture is dominated by past glories in various states of decay, including a major gothic cathedral, which is in a poor condition and is being slowly restored. Many of the houses were built as canonical residences in the Late Middle Ages and bear vestiges in the form of ornamental stonework.
There is no trace of the monastery, however its wine-cellars still exist, under the shops on the North side of the Rue Gambetta. (Access is possible via the Camera Shop).
Toul is at the intersection of the Moselle River (which divides into the river proper and the Moselle Canalisée just outside the town) with the Canal de la Marne au Rhin, and was once, consequently, an important port. The barges known as péniches still navigate these watercourses commercially, typically carrying steel, though in the summer much more of the water traffic is for pleasure.
There is a main-line railway station at Toul, the last major station before the (once vast, and still very large) marshalling yards at Nancy. However, the Paris-Strasbourg TGV line, now under construction, will pass about 20 km north of Toul, approximately mid-way between Metz and Nancy. Its completion will likely reduce Toul's importance as a station.
The surrounding countryside is a wine-growing region, in which the AOC Côtes de Toul vintage is produced. Particularly notable is the Gris de Toul.
Toul is the seat of two cantons: Toul-Nord with a population of 27,102, and Toul-Sud with a population of 13,215. The following table shows the communes in each canton:
La place forte de Toul 1870 - 1915 http://fortiffsere.fr/toul/